University of Missouri-Columbia logoUniversity of Missouri-Columbia

    University of Missouri-Columbia

    Columbia, MO · Midwest

    Acceptance rate
    78.5%
    SAT mid-50
    1150-1330
    Cost after aid
    $20,268
    Graduation rate
    75%

    What University of Missouri-Columbia says matters

    How University of Missouri-Columbia rates each admissions factor in its Common Data Set, with the full published numbers below.

    Yield
    31%
    5,953 enrolled
    SAT mid-50
    1150-1330
    ACT mid-50
    23-30
    CDS year
    2024-25

    Considered

    • Recommendations

    Not considered

    • Character or personal qualities

    The full Common Data Set

    Every figure University of Missouri-Columbia published for 2024-25, section by section.

    First-Time, First-Year Admission55

    Applications

    Total first-time, first-year men who applied
    Total first-time, first-year menwhoapplied
    Total first-time, first-year women who applied
    14,037
    Total first-time, first-year another gender who applied
    0
    Total first-time, first-year unknown gender who applied
    31
    Total first-time, first-year men who were admitted
    7,933
    Total first-time, first-year women who were admitted
    11,271
    Total first-time, first-year another gender who were admitted
    0
    Total first-time, first-year unknown gender who were admitted
    14
    Total full-time, first-time, first-year men who enrolled
    2,592
    Total part-time, first-time, first-year men who enrolled
    18
    Total full-time, first-time, first-year women who enrolled
    3,323
    Total part-time, first-time, first-year women who enrolled
    18
    Total full-time, first-time, first-year another gender who enrolled
    0
    Total part-time, first-time, first-year another gender who enrolled
    0
    Total full-time, first-time, first-year unknown gender who enrolled
    2
    Total part-time, first-time, first-year unknown gender who enrolled
    0
    Total first-time, first-year students who applied
    14,068
    Total first-time, first-year students who were admitted
    19,218
    Total first-time, first-year students who enrolled
    5,953
    Total first-time, first-year who applied
    Total first-time, first-year who applied
    Total first-time, first-year who enrolled
    2,028
    Total first-time, first-year who applied
    1,338
    Total first-time, first-year who were admitted
    533
    Total first-time, first-year who enrolled
    34
    Total first-time, first-year who applied
    0
    Total first-time, first-year who were admitted
    0
    Total first-time, first-year who enrolled
    0

    Wait List

    Do you have a policy of placing students on a waiting list?
    N
    Number of wait-listed students admitted:
    Response 'Y' or

    Admissions Requirements

    High school diploma is required and GED is accepted
    X

    Basis for Selection

    Recommendation(s)
    Considered
    Character/personal qualities
    Not Considered

    First-time, first-year Profile

    Submitting SAT Scores
    580
    Submitting ACT Scores
    3,583
    SAT Composite: 75th Percentile
    52% 32%
    SAT Evidence-Based Reading and Writing: 25th Percentile
    580
    SAT Evidence-Based Reading and Writing: 50th Percentile
    620
    SAT Evidence-Based Reading and Writing: 75th Percentile
    670
    SAT Math: 25th Percentile
    570
    SAT Math: 50th Percentile
    610
    SAT Math: 75th Percentile
    660
    ACT Composite: 25th Percentile
    23%
    ACT Composite: 50th Percentile
    26%
    ACT Composite: 75th Percentile
    30%
    ACT Math: 25th Percentile
    22%
    ACT Math: 50th Percentile
    25%
    ACT Math: 75th Percentile
    15%
    ACT English: 25th Percentile
    22%
    ACT English: 50th Percentile
    25%
    ACT English: 75th Percentile
    30%
    ACT Reading: 75th Percentile
    Percent
    Average high school GPA of all degree-seeking, first-time, first-year students who submitted GPA:
    0
    Percent of total first-time, first-year students who submitted high school GPA:
    0

    Admission Policies

    Amount of application fee:
    55
    If yes, maximum period of postponement:
    |
    Transfer Admission24

    Fall Applicants

    Does your institution enroll transfer students? (If no, please skip to Section E)
    Y
    If yes, may transfer students earn advanced standing credit by transferring credits earned from course work completed at other colleges/universities?
    Y
    Men
    1,309
    Women
    1,490
    Another Gender
    Another Gender
    Unknown
    36
    Total
    2,835

    Application for Admission

    Fall
    X
    Winter
    X
    Spring
    X
    Summer
    X
    Must a transfer applicant have a minimum number of credits completed or else must apply as an entering first-year student?
    Y ResponseNumberand Unit Type
    College transcript(s)
    Required of All
    Essay or personal statement
    Not Required
    Interview
    Recommended ofSome
    Standardized test scores
    Recommended ofSome
    Statement of good standing from prior institution(s)
    Not Required
    If a minimum college grade point average is required of transfer applicants, specify (on a 4.0 scale):
    2.5
    Summer
    Closing Date
    Summer
    NotificationDate
    Summer
    Reply Date

    Transfer Credit Policies

    Number
    24
    Unit Type
    Unit Type Credit(s)
    Minimum number of credits that transfers must complete at your institution to earn a bachelor’s degree:
    30
    Academic Offerings and Policies24

    Special Study Options

    Accelerated program
    X
    Comprehensive transition and postsecondary program for students with intellectual disabilities
    X
    Cross-registration
    X
    Distance learning
    X
    Double major
    X
    Dual enrollment
    X
    English as a Second Language (ESL)
    X
    Exchange student program (domestic)
    X
    Honors Program
    X
    Independent study
    X
    Internships
    Internships
    Student-designed major
    X
    Study abroad
    X
    Teacher certification program
    X
    Undergraduate Research
    X
    Weekend college
    Weekend college

    Required Course Work

    English (including composition)
    X
    History
    X
    Humanities
    X
    Intensive writing
    X
    Mathematics
    X
    Sciences (biological or physical)
    X
    Social science
    X
    Other (describe):
    capstone experience
    Student Life42

    Percent Participating

    Percent who are from out of state (exclude international/nonresidents from the numerator and denominator)
    34%
    Percent of men who join fraternities
    28%
    Percent of women who join sororities
    40%
    Percent who live in college-owned, -operated, or -affiliated housing
    - 94
    Percent who live off campus or commute
    6.0%
    Percent of students age 25 and older
    0
    Percent of men who join fraternities
    25%
    Percent of women who join sororities
    30%
    Percent who live in college-owned, -operated, or -affiliated housing
    27%
    Percent who live off campus or commute
    73%

    Average Age

    Average age of full-time students
    18
    Average age of all students (full- and part-time)
    18
    Average age of all students (full- and part-time)
    20

    Activities Offered

    Choral groups
    x
    Concert band
    x
    Dance
    x
    Drama/theater
    x
    Marching band
    x
    Music ensembles
    x
    Musical theater
    x
    Opera
    x
    Pep band
    x
    Radio station
    x
    Student government
    x
    Student newspaper
    x
    Student-run film society
    x
    Symphony orchestra
    x
    Television station
    x

    ROTC

    On Campus
    x
    At Cooperating Institution
    At Cooperating Institution Response Text
    Name of Cooperating Institution
    Response 'x'
    Marine Option (for Naval ROTC)
    x
    On Campus
    x
    At Cooperating Institution
    Response Text
    Name of Cooperating Institution
    Response 'x'
    On Campus
    x
    At Cooperating Institution
    Response Text

    Housing

    Coed dorms
    x
    Men's dorms
    x
    Women's dorms
    x
    Apartments for married students
    x
    Apartments for single students
    x
    Annual Expenses25

    Public Tuition

    Tuition: In-district
    14,334

    All Institutions Expenses

    Required Fees:
    1,214
    Food and housing (on-campus):
    15,008
    Housing Only (on-campus):
    10,492
    Food Only (on-campus meal plan):
    4,516
    Required Fees:
    1,214
    Food and housing (on-campus):
    15,008
    Housing Only (on-campus):
    10,492
    Food Only (on-campus meal plan):
    4,516

    Comprehensive Expenses

    Other:
    12

    Tuition Policies

    Do tuition and fees vary by year of study (e.g., sophomore, junior, senior)?
    'N'

    Estimated Expenses

    Books and supplies:
    918
    Transportation:
    1,178
    Other expenses:
    2288
    Books and supplies:
    918
    Transportation
    6,540
    Other expenses:
    2,288
    Books and supplies:
    918
    Housing only:
    10,492
    Food and housing total*
    15008

    Per-Credit-Hour Charges

    PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS:
    598
    In-district:
    598
    In-state (out-of-district):
    598
    Out-of-state:
    1,526
    NONRESIDENTS:
    1,526
    Financial Aid53

    Methodology

    Federal methodology (FM)
    x

    Need-based Aid Awarded

    Federal
    33,727,254
    State all states, not only the state in which your institution is located
    13,738,544
    Institutional: Endowed scholarships, annual gifts and tuition funded grants, awarded by the college, excluding athletic aid and tuition waivers (which are reported below).
    85,439,392
    Scholarships/grants from external sources (e.g. Kiwanis, National Merit) not awarded by the college
    6,653,944
    Total Scholarships/Grants
    139,559,133
    Federal Work-Study
    3,106,572
    Total Self-Help
    43,539,368
    Parent Loans
    12,007,730
    Tuition Waivers Note: Reporting is optional. Report tuition waivers in this row if you choose to report them. Do not report tuition waivers elsewhere.
    4,496,797

    Non-need-based Aid Awarded

    Federal
    771,408
    State all states, not only the state in which your institution is located
    4,189,318
    Institutional: Endowed scholarships, annual gifts and tuition funded grants, awarded by the college, excluding athletic aid and tuition waivers (which are reported below).
    90,516,399
    Scholarships/grants from external sources (e.g. Kiwanis, National Merit) not awarded by the college
    6,146,613
    Total Scholarships/Grants
    101,623,738
    Student loans from all sources (excluding parent loans)
    49,079,574
    State and other (e.g., institutional) work-study/employment (Note: Excludes Federal Work-Study captured above.)
    0
    Total Self-Help
    49,079,574
    Parent Loans
    30,132,032
    Tuition Waivers Note: Reporting is optional. Report tuition waivers in this row if you choose to report them. Do not report tuition waivers elsewhere.
    5,595,501
    Athletic Awards
    9,015,892

    Students Awarded Aid

    A. Number of degree-seeking undergraduate students (CDS Item B1 if reporting on Fall 2024 cohort)
    5,917
    B. Number of students in line a who applied for need-based financial aid
    5,021
    C. Number of students in line b who were determined to have financial need
    2,869
    D. Number of students in line c who were awarded any financial aid
    2,859
    E. Number of students in line d who were awarded any need-based scholarship or grant aid
    2,811
    F. Number of students in line d who were awarded any need-based self-help aid
    1,826

    Graduating Cohort

    Provide the number of students in the 2024 undergraduate class who started at your institution as first-time students and received a bachelor's degree between July 1, 2023 and June 30, 2024. Exclude students who transferred into your institution.
    4,282

    Source Type Loan

    A. Any loan program: Federal Perkins, Federal Stafford Subsidized and Unsubsidized, institutional, state, private loans that your institution is aware of, etc. Include both Federal Direct Student Loans and Federal Family Education Loans.
    2,032
    B. Federal loan programs: Federal Perkins, Federal Stafford Subsidized and Unsubsidized. Include both Federal Direct Student Loans and Federal Family Education Loans.
    1,936
    C. Institutional loan programs.
    21
    E. Private student loans made by a bank or lender.
    570
    A. Any loan program: Federal Perkins, Federal Stafford Subsidized and Unsubsidized, institutional, state, private loans that your institution is aware of, etc. Include both Federal Direct Student Loans and Federal Family Education Loans.
    0.47
    B. Federal loan programs: Federal Perkins, Federal Stafford Subsidized and Unsubsidized. Include both Federal Direct Student Loans and Federal Family Education Loans.
    0.45
    C. Institutional loan programs.
    0
    E. Private student loans made by a bank or lender.
    0.13
    A. Any loan program: Federal Perkins, Federal Stafford Subsidized and Unsubsidized, institutional, state, private loans that your institution is aware of, etc. Include both Federal Direct Student Loans and Federal Family Education Loans.
    27,725
    B. Federal loan programs: Federal Perkins, Federal Stafford Subsidized and Unsubsidized. Include both Federal Direct Student Loans and Federal Family Education Loans.
    18,509
    C. Institutional loan programs.
    4,966

    Aid to Nonresidents

    Institutional need-based scholarship or grant aid is available
    x
    Institutional non-need-based scholarship or grant aid is available
    x
    Institutional scholarship or grant aid is not available
    Number
    If institutional financial aid is available for undergraduate degree-seeking nonresidents, provide the number of undergraduate degree-seeking nonresidents who were awarded need-based or non-need-based aid:
    Average in $

    Financial Aid Forms

    Business/Farm Supplement
    Response Text

    Financial Aid Deadlines

    Priority date for filing required financial aid forms:
    Date
    Deadline for filing required financial aid forms:
    Response 'x'

    Institutional Aid

    Academics
    X
    Alumni affiliation
    X
    Art
    X
    Athletics
    X
    Leadership
    X
    Music/drama
    X
    State/district residency
    X
    Disciplinary Areas of Degrees Conferred6

    Diploma/Certificates

    Business/marketing
    0.152
    TOTAL (should = 100%)
    100%

    Associate

    Agriculture
    Natural resources and conservatio
    Natural resources and conservation
    n
    TOTAL (should = 100%)
    100%

    Bachelors

    TOTAL (should = 100%)
    100%
    Enrollment And Persistence175

    Institutional Enrollment

    Degree-seeking, first-time first-year students: men
    2,592
    Degree-seeking, first-time first-year students: women
    3,325
    Degree-seeking, first-time first-year students: another gender
    0
    Degree-seeking, first-time first-year students: unknown
    0
    Other first-year, degree-seeking: men
    Other first-year, degree-seeking:men
    Other first-year, degree-seeking: women
    369
    Other first-year, degree-seeking: another gender
    0
    Other first-year, degree-seeking: unknown
    0
    All other degree-seeking: men
    7,329
    All other degree-seeking: women
    All other degree-seeking:women
    All other degree-seeking: another gender
    0
    Total degree-seeking: men
    9,921
    Total degree-seeking: women
    3,694
    Total degree-seeking: another gender
    0
    Total degree-seeking: unknown
    0
    All other undergraduates enrolled in credit courses: men
    32
    All other undergraduates enrolled in credit courses: women
    28
    All other undergraduates enrolled in credit courses: another gender
    0
    All other undergraduates enrolled in credit courses: unknown
    0
    Total undergraduate Full-Time Students: men
    9,953
    Total undergraduate Full-Time Students: women
    3,722
    Total undergraduate Full-Time Students: another gender
    0
    Total undergraduate Full-Time Students: unknown
    0
    Degree-seeking, first-time first-year students: men
    18
    Degree-seeking, first-time first-year students: women
    18
    Degree-seeking, first-time first-year students: another gender
    0
    Degree-seeking, first-time first-year students: unknown
    0
    Other first-year, degree-seeking: men
    24
    Other first-year, degree-seeking: women
    26
    Other first-year, degree-seeking: another gender
    0
    Other first-year, degree-seeking: unknown
    0
    All other degree-seeking: men
    391
    All other degree-seeking: women
    474
    All other degree-seeking: unknown
    0
    Total degree-seeking: men
    433
    Total degree-seeking: women
    518
    Total degree-seeking: another gender
    0
    All other undergraduates enrolled in credit courses: men
    251
    All other undergraduates enrolled in credit courses: unknown
    0
    Total undergraduate Part-Time Students: women
    684 727
    Total undergraduate Part-Time Students: another gender
    0
    Total undergraduate students: men
    10,637
    Total undergraduate students: women
    4,449
    Total undergraduate students: another gender
    0
    Total undergraduate students: unknown
    0
    Degree-seeking, first-time: men
    430
    Degree-seeking, first-time: women
    488
    Degree-seeking, first-time: unknown
    0
    All other degree-seeking: women
    2,091
    All other degree-seeking: another gender
    0
    All other graduates enrolled in credit courses: men
    13
    All other graduates enrolled in credit courses: women
    10
    All other graduates enrolled in credit courses: another gender
    0
    All other graduates enrolled in credit courses: unknown
    0
    Degree-seeking, first-time: men
    226
    Degree-seeking, first-time: women
    434
    Degree-seeking, first-time: another gender
    0
    Degree-seeking, first-time: unknown
    0
    All other degree-seeking: men
    777
    All other degree-seeking: women
    1,230
    All other degree-seeking: another gender
    0
    All other degree-seeking: unknown
    0
    All other graduates enrolled in credit courses: men
    43
    All other graduates enrolled in credit courses: women
    83
    All other graduates enrolled in credit courses: another gender
    0
    All other graduates enrolled in credit courses: unknown
    0
    Total graduate Part-Time Students: men
    1,046
    Total graduate Part-Time Students: women
    1,747
    Total graduate Part-Time Students: another gender
    0
    Total graduate Part-Time Students: unknown
    0
    Total Graduate Students: men
    2,758
    Total Graduate Students: women
    4,336
    Total Graduate Students: another gender
    0
    Total Graduate Students: unknown
    0
    Total All Students: men
    13,395
    Total All Students: women
    8,785
    Total All Students: another gender
    0
    Total All Students: unknown
    0
    Total all undergraduates
    15,086
    Total all graduate
    7,094
    Grand Total All Students
    22,180

    All

    Total graduate Full-Time Students: men
    1,712
    Total graduate Full-Time Students: women
    2,589
    Total graduate Full-Time Students: another gender
    0
    Total graduate Full-Time Students: unknown
    0

    Enrollment by Racial/Ethnic Category

    Nonresidents
    34
    Hispanic/Latino
    375
    Black or African American, non-Hispanic
    251
    White, non-Hispanic
    4,717
    American Indian or Alaska Native, non-Hispanic
    10
    Asian, non-Hispanic
    156
    TOTAL
    1,089
    Nonresidents
    241
    Hispanic/Latino
    1,475
    Black or African American, non-Hispanic
    1,146
    White, non-Hispanic
    18,963
    American Indian or Alaska Native, non-Hispanic
    40
    Asian, non-Hispanic
    647
    Two or more races, non-Hispanic
    1,086
    Race and/or ethnicity unknown
    311
    TOTAL
    23,909
    Nonresidents
    284
    Hispanic/Latino
    1,513
    Black or African American, non-Hispanic
    1,185
    White, non-Hispanic
    19,320
    American Indian or Alaska Native, non-Hispanic
    42
    Asian, non-Hispanic
    665
    Two or more races, non-Hispanic
    1,099
    Race and/or ethnicity unknown
    328
    TOTAL
    24,436

    Persistence

    Certificate/diploma
    2,573
    Bachelor's degrees
    6,105
    Postbachelor's certificates
    472
    Master's degrees
    1,498
    Post-Master's certificates
    48
    Doctoral degrees – research/scholarship
    260
    Doctoral degrees – professional practice
    470
    Doctoral degrees – other
    0

    Graduation Rates

    Recipients of a Federal Pell Grant
    1,192
    Recipients of a Subsidized Stafford Loan who did not receive a Pell Grant
    772
    Students who did not receive either a Pell Grant or a subsidized Stafford Loan
    2,651
    Total
    2,018
    Recipients of a Federal Pell Grant
    2
    Recipients of a Subsidized Stafford Loan who did not receive a Pell Grant
    1
    Total
    2
    Recipients of a Federal Pell Grant
    1,190
    Recipients of a Subsidized Stafford Loan who did not receive a Pell Grant
    771
    Students who did not receive either a Pell Grant or a subsidized Stafford Loan
    2,648
    Total
    1,190
    Recipients of a Federal Pell Grant
    533
    Recipients of a Subsidized Stafford Loan who did not receive a Pell Grant
    439
    Students who did not receive either a Pell Grant or a subsidized Stafford Loan
    1,594
    Total
    533
    Recipients of a Federal Pell Grant
    215
    Recipients of a Subsidized Stafford Loan who did not receive a Pell Grant
    124
    Students who did not receive either a Pell Grant or a subsidized Stafford Loan
    453
    Total
    215
    Students who did not receive either a Pell Grant or a subsidized Stafford Loan
    52
    Total
    28
    Recipients of a Federal Pell Grant
    776
    Recipients of a Subsidized Stafford Loan who did not receive a Pell Grant
    579
    Students who did not receive either a Pell Grant or a subsidized Stafford Loan
    2,099
    Total
    776
    Recipients of a Federal Pell Grant
    0.652
    Recipients of a Subsidized Stafford Loan who did not receive a Pell Grant
    0.751
    Students who did not receive either a Pell Grant or a subsidized Stafford Loan
    0.793
    Total
    0.652
    Recipients of a Subsidized Stafford Loan who did not receive a Pell Grant
    786
    Students who did not receive either a Pell Grant or a subsidized Stafford Loan
    2,467
    Total
    2,017
    Recipients of a Federal Pell Grant
    1
    Recipients of a Subsidized Stafford Loan who did not receive a Pell Grant
    2
    Students who did not receive either a Pell Grant or a subsidized Stafford Loan
    9
    Total
    1
    Recipients of a Federal Pell Grant
    842
    Recipients of a Subsidized Stafford Loan who did not receive a Pell Grant
    784 2458
    Total
    842
    Recipients of a Federal Pell Grant
    374
    Recipients of a Subsidized Stafford Loan who did not receive a Pell Grant
    447
    Students who did not receive either a Pell Grant or a subsidized Stafford Loan
    1,482
    Total
    374
    Recipients of a Federal Pell Grant
    158 140
    Students who did not receive either a Pell Grant or a subsidized Stafford Loan
    400
    Total
    158
    Recipients of a Subsidized Stafford Loan who did not receive a Pell Grant
    34
    Students who did not receive either a Pell Grant or a subsidized Stafford Loan
    57
    Total
    34
    Recipients of a Federal Pell Grant
    566
    Recipients of a Subsidized Stafford Loan who did not receive a Pell Grant
    606 1939
    Students who did not receive either a Pell Grant or a subsidized Stafford Loan
    3,111
    Total
    566
    Recipients of a Federal Pell Grant
    0.672
    Recipients of a Subsidized Stafford Loan who did not receive a Pell Grant
    0.773
    Total
    0.672
    2021 Cohort
    150
    Instructional Faculty And Class Size26

    Instructional Faculty

    A. Total number of instructional faculty
    1,766
    B. Total number who are members of minority groups
    439
    C. Total number who are women
    875
    D. Total number who are men
    891
    F. Total number with doctorate, or other terminal degree
    1,411
    G. Total number whose highest degree is a master’s but not a terminal master’s
    268
    H. Total number whose highest degree is a bachelor’s
    87
    I. Total number whose highest degree is unknown or other (Note: Items f, g, h, and i must sum up to item a.)
    0
    J. Total number in stand-alone graduate/professional programs in which faculty teach virtually only graduate-level students
    46

    Student to Faculty Ratio

    Fall 2024 Student to Faculty ratio
    17

    Undergraduate Class Size

    2-9
    271
    10-19
    688
    20-29
    506
    30-39
    289
    40-49
    114
    50-99
    219
    100+
    181
    Total
    2,268
    2-9
    186
    10-19
    236
    20-29
    394
    30-39
    200
    40-49
    36
    50-99
    30
    100+
    5
    Total
    1,087
    Source: University of Missouri-Columbia's Common Data Set 2024-25

    About University of Missouri-Columbia

    University of Missouri-Columbia is a large public university in Columbia, MO, in a city setting.

    What University of Missouri-Columbia looks for

    University of Missouri-Columbia admits the majority of applicants who meet its baseline academic profile. For most students applying here, the work is in writing applications that reflect real fit rather than treating the application as a checklist. Demonstrated interest matters more here than at the most selective schools. Visiting, attending an info session, and asking real questions of admissions all move the needle.

    Frequently asked

    • What SAT score do I need for University of Missouri-Columbia?

      University of Missouri-Columbia's middle 50% SAT range is 1150 to 1330. A score in or above that band keeps you in the conversation; below it, the rest of your application has to do more work.

    • What ACT score do I need for University of Missouri-Columbia?

      Middle 50% ACT range is 23 to 30. The top of that range or above is what most admitted students submit when they choose to send a score.

    • What is the acceptance rate at University of Missouri-Columbia?

      University of Missouri-Columbia admits roughly 78% of applicants. An acceptance rate above 40% means a strong application can land here without high-end stats.

    • What does University of Missouri-Columbia actually cost after financial aid?

      Average net cost (after institutional aid) is about $20,268 per year. Net cost varies enormously by family income; run the school's net price calculator for an estimate that reflects your situation.

    • Is University of Missouri-Columbia a reach, match, or safety for me?

      Compare your stats to the middle 50% above. If you are at or below the 25th percentile, treat University of Missouri-Columbia as a reach. If you are in the middle 50%, it is a match. Above the 75th percentile and the school accepts above 25% overall, it is closer to a safety. Selectivity below 20% should be treated as a reach for everyone, period.

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